Calculation of Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Calculation of Values - Essay Example The following data are considered not valid for analysis: results that were reported erroneously (reporting errors) such as data with inappropriate units and "results reported as approximately 10, 100 or 1000 times greater or smaller than the majority of submitted results" (Croucher, 2004); results reported as not detected (n.d.); and results from participants not quoting a percentage recovery. Aside from these non-valid data, each report has the following points to be considered for removal of non-valid data. Results for total fat recorded without any reference to the use of an acid hydrolysis step; and nitrogen results that appeared to be for protein i.e. results approximately a factor of 6 greater than the majority of results (Knaggs, 2004a). Results reported as 0 ug/kg; results from participants not quoting a percentage recovery or stating na, EXCEPT for total AF, where participants submitted results that were the sum of their recovery corrected individual aflatoxins (Walker, 2005). Participants reporting not detected and subsequently assigned a result of 0g/kg; results from participants whose recovery is outside the range 70-110%; and results below the stated LOQ including results with no LOQ stated (Leach, 2005). The value of p estimates the limits ... t of 0g/kg; results from participants whose recovery is outside the range 70-110%; and results below the stated LOQ including results with no LOQ stated (Leach, 2005). ii) Minimizing the influence of outliers by the use of a robust statistical procedure to derive the mean iii) Normality (Kolmogorov - Smirnov test), or otherwise, of the distribution of the results is considered. iv) Assessment of the standard uncertainty () of the robust mean = /n, = the standard deviation of the robust mean n = the number of data points used to calculate the robust mean B. Target Standard Deviation for the Round The value of p estimates the limits of a satisfactory performance in a FAPAS proficiency test (FAPAS, 2002). In cases where the value of p does not reflect best practice for the analyses in question, the predictive models of the appropriate form of the Horwitz equation are valuable indicators of the best practice. This equation predicts a standard deviation from a given concentration (c) and requires c to be expressed as a dimensionless mass ratio (1ppm = 10-6 or % = 10-2) i) For analyte concentrations= (0.22c) / mr ii) For analyte concentrations 120 ppb and 13.8% = (0.2c0.8495) / mr iii) For analyte concentrations > 13.8 % = (0.01c0.5) / mr where, c = concentration (assigned value), expressed as a dimensionless mass ratio mr = dimensionless mass ratio. In all reports, the was calculated according to the equations above. In report 0141 however only the value of for the ash was estimated in this manner. The value of for moisture, total fat, nitrogen and hydroxyproline was derived from collaborative trial data assuming a linear relationship : = (RSDR / 100)c where, RSDR = Relative

Art is Art Essay Example for Free

Art is Art Essay What is considered art has been a controversial question for many years in history and today. There are various forms and types of art. Because art is very complex and diverse, it is viewed and conceptualized in many different ways. Nancy G. Heller states even though a type of artwork is hard to understand, it’s considered art, and artwork that people don’t understand shouldn’t be disregarded from other types of art. She feels as though people shouldn’t be intimidated by artwork that’s hard to understand and her main goal is to try to help people feel more comfortable around art they don’t understand. Picasso believes that all art needs to be an original in order to be considerably successful. He states that nature and art are completely different things. Picasso explains that art is a lie that allows us to realize the truth. And finally, John Berger speaks about publicity being a form of art, and how it uses art to manipulate people into buying what is publicized. Berger says publicity ads have a way of working because ads focus on the future, which people are attracted to more than the present. Each of these authors have different opinions on how art is viewed and conceived, however they unite from similar points in their views. All art is art, and shouldn’t be dismissed. In â€Å"’Statement to Marius De Zayas,’ 1923,† Picasso states that art has to convince people of its truthfulness. In his article, Picasso defends the art of cubism.—because cubism, like many other types of art, is not understood yet by most people. However, cubism isn’t any different from a type of art someone likes and understands—it shares the same principles or elements as any/ all other types of art. Picasso elaborates on his claims by giving the reader an example of him reading an English book. He says that reading a book doesn’t make sense to him, yet it doesn’t mean that the English language doesn’t exist. He states that no one should be responsible for him not being able to understand what he doesn’t know much about. Picasso believes that an individual shouldn’t say a type of art isn’t art only because they don’t understand it. The individual should, instead, try to understand it, and if he/ she still doesn’t consider it to be an art, the individual should claim to just dislike that specific type of art. Picasso and Heller both agree that art is art and that it shouldn’t be questioned. Nancy G. Heller’s book, â€Å"Why a Painting is Like a Pizza: a Guide to Understanding and Enjoying  Modern Art† starts with the author’s experience making a pizza in Texas. From her experience, she concluded that painting is like a pizza. Just as many people have a variety of taste in pizza that they prefer, when people look at art, they have certain preferences in art as well. Some people usually completely dismiss certain groups of art, saying its not art at all. Heller defends artists who are victims of these cruel remarks by saying, â€Å"anything anyone says is art should be in fact be regarded as art† (Heller 10). All art should not only be regarded as art, but art also is a lie that uncovers the truth. In Heller’s article, one of her examples shows Rosa Bonheur’s painting â€Å"’The Horse Fair’ (1853).† This painting is very realistic like a photograph. On the contrary, the painting is just very convincing. Bonheur’s painting of the galloping horses lie to the viewer, because the horses aren’t actually galloping in front of the viewer. However, it helps the viewer recognize the truth from the artist’s lies. All art lies, which help the viewer, uncover the truth. Nature and art aren’t the same. Only something real can be natural. Picasso agrees with Heller by saying, â€Å"nature and art, being two different things, cannot be the same thing. Through art, we express our conception of what nature is not† (Picasso par. 5). Picasso states that art needs to be an original idea—otherwise it is useless. An artwork being orig inal allows the viewer to notice the truth. He suggests that art isn’t actually what the artwork portrays. â€Å"Art is not truth. Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth† (Picasso par. 3). Although paintings aren’t real, it can symbolize something that is real. In â€Å"Ways of Seeing† by John Berger, the author talks about all art (publicity ads or paintings) must be convincing to the viewer. â€Å"Publicity begins by working on a natural appetite for pleasure. But it cannot offer the real object of pleasure and there is no convincing substituted for pleasure in that pleasure’s own terms. The more convincingly publicity conveys the pleasure of bathing in a warm, distant sea, the more the spectator-buyer will become aware that he is hundreds of miles away from that sea and the more remote the chance of bathing in it will seem to him† (Berger 132). The author gives an example of how publicity ads work by suggesting if a publicity ad was to show the pleasures of bathing in a warm  and distant sea, the viewer (or buyer) will realize that he is many miles away from the sea that the ad is portraying, and the chance of bathing in that sea will seem far to him. If the viewers aren’t convinced from art, whether it’s a publicity ad or a painting, that artwork is not successful. If a viewer thinks that the representation of whatever the ad is trying to sell is intangible, the viewer will be less convinced. John Berger and Picasso share the same beliefs that art should live in the present. Since there is constant exposure of publicity ads, Berger believes that ads live in the present. Publicity ads are located almost anywhere in this world. From magazines and TVs to buses and billboards, ads are everywhere. Publicity ads are not only constantly around a person’s surroundings, but also are always updated and/ or renewed. Although Berger talks about publicity ads living in the moment, they never represent the present time. Picasso similarly states, if a painting is looked at and appreciated by the viewer, it’s alive, living in the present. Picasso’s work has been echoed in his own idea. All of his work â€Å"was made for the present and with the hope that it will always remain in the present† (Picasso par. 11). Picasso gives an example of the Greek and Egyptian art. He proclaims that Greek and Egyptian art is more alive today than it was when the artwork as cre ated. People are intrigued about how the artwork was made back then, and that alone keeps the early Greek and Egyptian artwork alive in the present. All authors have common beliefs on how art should be viewed and conceived. Art is art and it shouldn’t be questioned. If art is hard to understand, it shouldn’t be dismissed as not art†¦ it should categorized as a type of art an individual dislikes. Furthermore, paintings don’t tell the truth; however it is filled with lies that help an individual recognize the truth through the painting being convincing. And lastly, an artwork lives in the present time—even if the artwork was made in the past. Work Cited Berger, John. Ways Of Seeing. London: Penguin Book, 1977. Print. Heller, Nancy G. Why a Painting is Like a Pizza: a Guide to Understanding and Enjoying Modern Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Print. Picasso, Pablo. â€Å"Statement to Marius de Zayas.† The Arts. NY, May 1923. Translation approved by Picasso. Web. 18 September 2012. .

Canadian Political Structure Essay -- Canada Government

Primus inter pares ? What are the sources and the limits of the power of the Prime Minister? Primus inter pares†¦ Latin phrase meaning 'the first among equals' or 'first among peers'. The title was also used by Caesar Augustus to hide behind the fact that even though the Senate of Rome was officially governing the Roman Republic, he in practice retained his autocratic power like his predecessors had done. Which of these definitions should we take for Prime Minister of Canada? What are the powers of the Prime Minister? What are the limits to this power? We will see that the powers of the Prime Minister come from the constitution, from making nominations, from being able to call elections. We will also look at the powers that reside in the cabinet system. We will then try and look at some of the limits of this power, and describe how some of these limits can actually be cancelled or reversed Constitution When one looks at the Canadian Constitution, there does not seem to be any mention of the prime minister except for section 49 of the 1982 act which talks about a Constitutional conference that the Prime Minister will need to have with the premiers of the provinces to discuss the changes to the constitution. (White 1998, p.313) But if one looks more closely at the Act of 1867, or if one reads between the lines, one can see in the first paragraphs that it mentions â€Å"a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom† (White 1998, p.277) This, along with sections 11 to 14 indirectly means that Canada will have a Westminster Parliamentary System and that Canada will adopt a system with a Prime Minister and a Cabinet and a Privy Council. Britain already had many years of experience about what the prime minister’s d... ...e, Jean Chrà ©tien. Montreal: Lanctot Editeur, 2002. Levine, Allan Gerald. Scrum wars: the prime ministers and the media. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1993. Massicotte, Louis. "L’annonce de Jean Chrà ©tien - La dà ©mission forcà ©e d’un premier ministre, les prà ©cà ©dents." le devoir, 7 avril 2010. Savoie, Donald. Governing from the center. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. —. Power: Where is it ? Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010. Simpson, Jeffrey. The Friendly Dictatorship. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2001. Spector, Norman. "prorogation jean chretien did it too." The Globe and Mail, january 9, 2010. Thomas, Paul G. "Governing from the center: Reconceptualizing the role of the PM and the Cabinet." Policy Options, dec 2003-jan 2004: 79-85. White, Walter. Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government 7th edition. Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1998.

Terrorism - Where is the Glory of War? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Where is the Glory of War? Â   I cannot find the glory in the war against terrorism. I remember when I picked up the newspaper last year and saw "America Strikes Back!" blazed boastfully across it in letters 10 inches tall--my heart sank. We've answered one terrorist act with another, raining death on the most war-scarred, terrified populace that ever crept to a doorway and looked out. The small plastic boxes of food we also dropped are a travesty. It is reported that these are untouched, of course--Afghanis have spent their lives learning terror of anything hurled at them from the sky. Meanwhile, the genuine food aid on which so many depended for survival has been halted by the war. We've killed whoever was too poor or crippled to flee, plus four humanitarian aid workers who coordinated the removal of land mines from the beleaguered Afghan soil. That office is now rubble, and so is my heart. Â   I am going to have to keep pleading against this madness. I'll get scolded for it, I know. I've already been called every name in the Rush Limbaugh handbook: traitor, sinner, naive, liberal, peacenik, whiner. I'm told I am dangerous because I might get in the way of this holy project we've undertaken to keep dropping heavy objects from the sky until we've wiped out every last person who could potentially hate us. Some people are praying for my immortal soul, and some have offered to buy me a one-way ticket out of the country, to anywhere. I accept these gifts with a gratitude equal in measure to the spirit of generosity in which they were offered. People threaten vaguely, "She wouldn't feel this way if her child had died in the war!" (I feel this way precisely because I can imagine that horror.) More subtle adversaries simply say I am r I fight that, I fight it as if I'm drowning. When I get to feeling I am an army of one standing out on the plain waving my ridiculous little flag of hope, I call up a friend or two. We remind ourselves in plain English that the last time we got to elect somebody, the majority of us, by a straight popular-vote count, did not ask for the guy who is currently telling us we will win this war and not be "misunderestimated." We aren't standing apart from the crowd, we are the crowd.

Investwrite Essay

InvestWrite Essay If you need help planning your financial future, then I am the one to help you. Through trial and error, learning from my mistakes, and just getting a better understanding of stocks, The Stock Market Game has greatly improved my knowledge on stocks and has made me an excellent source of information on investing. For the couple that is in their late twenties, I would ask them a series of questions like, â€Å"How much money do you plan on investing? †, â€Å"How long do you have to save? †, and â€Å"Are you willing to take some risks? Since the couple wants to save for their retirement and save up for their child’s college expenses, I would advise that they invest in a variety of stocks. First, I would recommend they invest in Sprint stock. With its low current price at around three dollars, they are bound to make some money, especially with the holiday season so close. Another reason they should pick Sprint, is that it is a fairly large corpor ation, which means that it’s somewhat stable and can benefit the couple in the long and short run. Second, I would recommend they invest in a more pricy stock, Procter and Gamble.Although it’s higher priced, around sixty dollars, this stock comes with dividends and is great no matter the state of the Stock Market. With brands like Bounty, Gain, Pampers, IAMS, and even Pringles, people are never going to stop buying these items just because the Stock Market goes down. That being said, this stock is very stable and will definitely help balance the couple’s portfolio. Third and finally, I would recommend they invest in PepsiCo. With its multiple food related items such as Frito-Lay chips and all the Pepsi related soft drinks, this somewhat pricy stock, is a great way to keep the couple’s portfolio balanced.With the nice addition of dividends, this stock is a sure fire way to make the couple money in the long run. I based my recommendations on a variety of th ings. I looked mostly to see if the stock price was on the rise or going down the drain. If I didn’t think that it would make money, I didn’t choose it. Secondly, I looked for dividends. Dividends are basically money you get from the company’s earnings for each share of their stock you own. So if the company makes money, then you make money. Dividends are usually found on the higher priced stocks, but re great for long term investors. Thirdly, I went for diversification. You want to keep a diversified portfolio so that if one of your stocks fails, then you have something to back it up. If you keep all of your stocks in one related industry, if one fails, then all of your stocks will go down as well. Fourth and foremost, I thought of risk and reward. Risk and reward are important because it bases what stocks are suitable for which people. Younger people can take a higher risk because they have time to earn their money back if a stock or two fails.Older people hav e a lower risk because they usually don’t have a source of regular fixed income, so they can’t earn their money back. All of these factors were key when picking my recommended stocks. Through trial and error, learning from mistakes, and gathering basic knowledge, The Stock Market game has helped so much by giving me the essential tools for picking stocks, diversifying portfolios, and overall just making money in the Stock Market. And it is with these tools that I have recommended these stocks to this couple to which I am sure they will meet both of their goals of saving for retirement, and saving for their child’s college.Works Cited â€Å"PEP: Summary for Pepsico, Inc. Common Stock- Yahoo! Finance. †Ã‚  Yahoo! Finance – Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"PG: Summary for Procter & Gamble Company (The) – Yahoo! Finance. †Ã‚  Yahoo! Finance – Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"S: Summary for Sprint Nextel Corporation Comm- Yahoo! Finance. †Ã‚  Yahoo! Finance – Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. .

Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Example

Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Example Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Industrialization and AppalachiaThe Industrial revolution did non skip over Appalachia but the native mountain people did non profit from the effects of industrialisation and were left in a worse state of affairs. The stereotype of the Appalachian people that was formed prior to the industrialisation epoch was that mountain people were baronial. barbarian. independent. proud. rugged. dirty and uneducated. The industrialists to advance economic development and industrialisation of Appalachia used this backward image of the Appalachian people. They believed that the native Appalachian people were incapable of developing the Appalachian Mountains natural resources on their ain.However in seeking to maintain up with the modern universe during the industrial revolution the people of Appalachia were doomed to their pre-industrial image. Until the epoch of industrialisation Appalachia was a part of little. open-country communities. concentrated in vales. coves and hollows. Each community of farms was self-sufficing socially and economically. The focal point of a self-sufficing husbandman was that of endurance by working in their ain harvests and runing or raising farm animal for nutrient.They tended to hold big households to assist with all the demands of the farm. After the Civil War Northerners came into the southern Appalachian Mountains. and many were surprised by what they found. They f ound a battalion of mineral and timber wealth every bit good as a romantic beauty of the mountain landscape. Capitalists responded to this find and began to industrialise the Appalachian Mountains for their ain net income. Capitalists believed that the Appalachian people were excessively backward to cognize that they were sitting on an copiousness of resources so they manipulated the mountain climbers into selling big sums of land for fundamentally nil.As Eller wrote in his book Miners. Millhands and Mountaineers. some sold full mountains for a mule. Equus caballus or rifle . Industrialization depended foremost upon the edifice of an equal transit system into. out of. and within the mountain parts of the South. The railway was built and it opened the doors to the full development of the mountains natural resources. Coal and timber extraction were the primary resources that drove the Industrial Revolution in Appalachia. The extraction of these resources required the employment of the Appalachian husbandman.The mountain climber left their farms for pay employment and became dependent on that. The uncontrolled flow of the coal and lumber industry took up immense secret plans of farming area and forced households to travel to the excavation towns. With the presence of the coal and lumber companies in topographic point. the mountain climber could non trust to be more than hardly self-sufficing. The country industrialized without developing sufficient substructure to prolong itself. destining the mountain people to poverty. The mean mountain climber had been an independent kind of individual. running his ain farm. raising a household and constructing his ain hereafter. When brought into coal. lumber. and textile towns. he was at the clemency of his employer. The mountain climber became wholly dependent on his employer and was forced into awful conditions. Besides this dependance to his employer the mountain climber could non travel back to his old place topographic point and farm once more because the film editing of lumber ruined agribusiness.One of the most of import consequences of industrialisation in Appalachia has been the negative impact it has had on the long-run economic wellness of the part. None of the industries in Appalachia. and particularly non the coal industry. encouraged rival or spin-off economic development during their roar old ages. The consequence has been sporadic economic growing without existent economic development ( A Handbook to Appalachia. 15 ) . In Miners. Millhands and Mountaineers. Eller’s thesis was that while Appalachia had undergone industrialisation. the part itself failed to overhaul.He argues that during and after the industrialisation procedure mountain people lost their independency and self-government of their ascendants. without going full participants in the benefits of the modern universe. The mountain people found that the turning prosperity had bred greater dependance on the system beyond t heir control. Worst of all. none of the wealth the industrialists stripped from the mountains remained at that place. The industrial revolution was non decently development in Appalachia and it left the Appalachian people hapless and hardly able to care for themselves. So it is obvious that. in seeking to maintain up with the modern universe. the people of Appalachia were doomed to their pre-industrial image or stereotype.Plants cited1. A Handbook to Appalachia. an debut to the part ; edited by Grace Toney Edwards. JoAnn Aust Asbury. Ricky L. Cox Copyright 2006 by theUniversity of Tennessee Pres/Knoxville. 2. Eller. Ronald D. Miners. Millhands and Mountaineers. The University of Tennessee Press. 1982.

The Concept of Islam Religion Essay

The Concept of Islam Religion Essay The Concept of Islam Religion Essay Islamic Religion and the State Islam is depicted as a way of life. However, this eliminates the fact that it is a political phenomenon. Islam is a religion which is a social aspect rather than political. Islam is a peculiar concept of secularism. This means that Islam opposed the idea that it should involve itself with other parts of life. Islam, as a religion, was also seen as a good way of governing society, and this should be incorporated to the modern society. As a result, a political institution had no place in the Muslim society. Every individual of the Muslim society was seen to be guided by the teachings of Islamic laws, rather than the set political structure. Islam was a religious way of life. It was also seen as a form of governance. Islam scholars argued that Islamic values and the way of life had a similar style of governance like most of western government. They depicted this as an effective way and did not consider political organization of any other nature. Those who were supporting political society were regarded as modernists, but many of the scholars who were traditionalists were against this. They saw this as a violation of Islamic state laws. Islamic state was honored since they believed that, it was drafted by Prophet Muhammad. They believed that Islam was a sacred institution that was not to assimilate any form of foreign intervention. Rules that were outlined by religious values and there was no need for political intervention. Islam, from the early beginnings, did not have separation between politics and other social values. Islam, therefore, did not require any organization to govern the Muslim society. Political instituti on was eliminated since leaders were seen as ordained by God. In addition, Muslim society did not see any person above the law and hence did not require any political leaders. Formulation of Modern Religious Concept Awareness about religion defined the starting of various chapters of different beliefs. Religion opened a new face to identify one’s own belief as the only factual compared to other people’s belief. Concept of religion began during the Medieval Ages. Faith justification and disbelief in modern science had discarded all the theories that had been formulated. As a result, changes in the general order of the society were explained through religion. Religion became very dominant that, incidents were to be clarified through people’s belief. Religion established itself during the seventeenth century. Ideas of various reformers of the sixteenth century were deserted, and natural religion was accepted. The path to the enlightenment of religion was as a result of fully secularized, privatized individuals highly motivated by answering questions of what affected humankind. There was also desire by people to associate themselves as God’s creatures and had authority fr om Him. Formulation of Islam religion by the Western intellectual discourse was a hypothesis. However, this formed the source of various debates. Western intellectual discourse about the Islam is depicted as an imbalanced game. These intellectuals are mostly seen as Christians. Therefore, the discourse that is carried out seems to be incomplete and thus contain a lot of controversies. The western intellectuals did not have a proper analysis of the formation of Islam. There were theories by western writers of generating Islam origin. The concept of generic Islam was disturbing the intellectuals formulated two paths of how Islam was formed. Islam was constructed through the paths of essentializations which were more offensive and the other being defensive. Visit our religion essay writing service if you need a custom written paper on your topic. Fill in the order form with all essay details and have your paper written by !

DAUGHTERS OF THE MOON essays

DAUGHTERS OF THE MOON essays Daughters of the Moon: Goddess of the Night is a wonderful book for anyone who is looking for something mystical and exciting to read. I highly recommend this book to everyone, especially teenage girls who are looking for an excellent book with real-life teenage heroines in it. This book helps you to think in a whole different way. It keeps you on the edge of your seat and keeps you wanting more. It is book number one in the Daughters of the Moon series. Vannesa, Catty, Serena, and Jimena seem like regular, ordinary high schoolers living in sunny Los Angeles. They are... except for one little thing. Each of them has a unique secret. Vannesa can become invisible. Catty travels back in time. Serena reads minds, and Jimena has premonitions. All Vannesa Cleveland ever wanted in life was to be able to do regular, ordinary things like most teenagers. There's only one small setback keeping her from that goal: She can become invisble. From a young age, Vannesa and her best friend, Catty, knew that they were different from everyone else. They both discovered at the same time that they had special abilities, or gifts, that made them different from everyone else. Vannesa discovered she could become invisible and Catty discovered that she could travel back into time. To add to all that drama, Catty and Vannesa both have the exact same moon-shaped amulet since they were born. Catty fully accepts that she is different from everyone else whereas Vannesa has a much harder time accepting that she has this very unique and rare gift. Vannesa believes that if anyone was to find out about her gift, that she would be considered a freak. Catty uses her power to her own advantage and begins teaching herself how to control it. Vannesa, on the other hand, makes no effort whatsoever to begin to use her power or even learn how to control it. Vannesa tries to lead a pretty average life. She tries her best to do normal...

Literature synopsis project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature synopsis project - Essay Example The book is for those people struggling with nicotine addiction. The author used inspiring stories and messages from real women who have struggled with nicotine addiction. These includes intrauterine growth retardation and adverse health effects, during pregnancy (Allen, 2002). Moreover, it affects the foetal growth and childbirth weight leading to abnormal bleeding as well as premature birth. The author argues the factors leading to nicotine addiction are unemployment, low level of education, increased stress and poverty. This is very effective because it eliminate psychological factors that result to cigarette addiction. There are several cases that women smokers continue smoking during pregnancy. Maternal smoking pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes, for example, 150-200g decrement in in childbirth weight and high neonatal mortality rate. In addition, infants have a higher risk of infant death syndrome, language problem, behavioral problem and antisocial problems. In other words, maternal smoking pregnancy reduces the development of central nervous system in such a way that it may predispose the infant to various neurobehavioral problems. Nomura, Gilman and Buka (2011) found that the children of women who smoked more than twenty cigarettes in a day were at a greater risk of alcohol disorder and neurobehavioral problems. Thus, there should be intervention on mother to reduce smoking during pregnancy. Yoko Nomura, Stephen Gilman and Stephen Buka (2013). Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Alcohol Use Disorders Among Adult Offspring, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72(2): 199–209 Cigarette smoking is harmful to both mother and unborn child because its carcinogenic effect on various organs. Smoking during pregnancy accelerates the risk associated with intrauterine growth retardation and adverse health effects (Chung et al., 2001). In addition, it affects the foetal

Materials science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Materials science - Assignment Example The development of bullet proof glass remains considered as an achievement of material science in the hope of offering a solution to the concern of safety in its usage. Achieving a product that would allow the transparent qualities of glass and still offer protection from lethal products such as bullets was a milestone achievement. Such is observed as an infusion of the bullet being a technology perceived under the same field of material science (Hsieh & U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2004). Ballistic glass involves the infusion of two sets of materials that do not include the renown Kevlar used in the generation of bullet proof vest. The technology combines thermoplastics with the soft glass to allow a thick layer of ballistic panels. The aforementioned incorporation of different approaches ensures that the glass panes are ballistic and durable. The ballistic glass has found critical applications in banking and transit sectors. The glass is used in developing the teller stations in banking halls. It is, also used in developing armored vehicles, which aim to protect the users while driving in volatile locations. Additionally, the glass is used for protection of the VIP dais during the engagement of public events (Johnson, 2006). Hsieh, A. J., & U.S. Army Research Laboratory. (2004). The effects of PMMA on ballistic impact performance of hybrid hard/ductile all-plastic- and glass-plastic-based composites. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory. Johnson, G. R., Hertel, E. S. J., Grady, D. E., Holmquist, T. J., Lopatin, C. M. Sandia National Laboratories., United States. (2006). High strain rate properties and constitutive modeling of glass. Washington, D.C: United States. Dept. of

Leprosy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leprosy - Research Paper Example Various studies indicate that most patients attain nerve damage at diagnosis, which rates from 20 % in Bangladesh to 56 %in Ethiopia. These patients suffering from nerve damages have a high risk of developing disability if there lacks proper treatment (Lockwood, 1516). Doerr adds that failure of treating leprosy can lead to permanent harm of various body parts leading to overwhelming disfigurement and consequent disability (1). Mycobacterium leprae is a rod-shaped bacterium that is responsible for causing leprosy. G.A. Hansen discovered the bacterium in the year1873. Since this bacterium multiplies slowly, signs and symptoms of this disease may not develop and most people may not recognize them until much later after exposure to M. leprae. This may take place from several weeks after infection to 30 years or more. Even though humans are the chief host for infection with M. leprae, other animals such as mangabey monkeys, armadillos and chimpanzees also acts as hosts for infection. Though the precise route of transmission is still a mystery, most experts deem that transmission of leprosy occur through droplets from the nose and mouth during close protracted contact with an infected person (Doerr, 2). In about 80 nations of Africa, Latin America and Asia, prevalence of Leprosy occurs significantly. In a year, almost 600 000 new cases occur and almost 2400 million people live in nations with occurrence of leprosy of greater than 1 per10 000. In addition, between two and tree million people suffering from leprosy have physical disabilities. Within most nations, leprosy is unequally distributed. This means that some countries have a higher number of patients suffering from leprosy while others do not have even a single patient. In this case, twenty-five nations contribute to 92% while five countries contribute to 80% of the international burden (Noordeen,

Explain what you understand the term Transnational Corporation to Essay

Explain what you understand the term Transnational Corporation to mean. Using specific examples of these organisations, assess what contribution they have made to the development of Globalisation - Essay Example These include; product marketing, personnel, financial matters as well as production strategies. The policies may have host country orientation or parent country orientation (Held, D and Mcgrew, 2000 pp.122-127). A transnational corporation may be owned by citizens of one, two countries or more. In another situation, a corporation may establish branches in different countries in order to reduce the cost of transporting raw materials in order to reduce the final cost of the products that is added to the consumer price. A corporation may also establish branches in countries that import its products in order to escape import tax that may be enforced by the importing country against foreign corporations. An example of this is when external levy was enforced against outsiders by the European Community, corporations from the United States engaged in Foreign Direct Investment in order to evade these tariffs (Howard Perlmutter, 1969 pp.36-38). Fluctuating exchange rates are also a factor that leads to the establishment of transnational corporations in order to avoid losses that are associated with these rates. This phenomenon arises when corporations produce at a high value of the local currency and then the value falls during exportation. They opt to establish a subsidiary industry in the importing country. Competition is also a factor that gives rise to transnational corporations. A corporation X in one country may be producing the same products as another corporation Y in a different country, both competing for a common market Z. corporation X may tackle this competition through purchasing company Y and other such corporations in several countries, thereby becoming a transnational corporation. An example is when both Monarch in Germany and Opel in Canada were purchased by GM which gave rise to GM Germany and GM Canada respectively (Hill, Charles W L, 2008 pp 24-31). Lower

Organisational analysis and behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisational analysis and behaviour - Essay Example (Jack, n.d) WATER FALL INCIDENT Every day there are number of workers injured and killed on the job but yet only some of these occurrences are attracted towards the public domain. One of the classic case studies of an OHS disaster is the waterfall incident that took place in 2003; it was one of the most tragic accidents in Australian railway history. There was a fatal derailment at waterfall which resulted in loss of many innocent lives. The ministry of transport had initiated an investigation to determine the circumstance relating to the accident and recommend some preventive and corrective action. The investigations were examined and checked in the following areas such as Infrastructure, Human factors, Rolling stock, Post accident tools and response. (Kent and Graham, 2004) The initial investigation established that there was a high possibility the driver was injured after departing from the waterfall station. The train was unattended and as a result overturned at a high speed and collided with the stanchions. Both the controls dead man system and the guard failed to work in favor in controlling the collision. The team investigated and found out that the train’s inadequate safety measures had resulted in the collision. The safety management system had identified that the railway authorities had developed ineffective rail safety regimes and management deficiencies. (Kent and Graham, 2004) The incident was also published in Sydney Morning Herald outlining ineffective safety measures. The Railway authorities also mentioned that number of improvements such as stringent medical testing, installation of back up emergency braking system would be activated. (Sydney Morning Herald, 2004) Analysis of the issue: The safety management system had identified many loopholes in the safety measures. The investigation revealed that the medical standards and medical emergency units not updated. It was also noted that the railway systems had an under developed, ineffectiv e safety mechanisms that had caused catastrophic damage and death of people. No vigilance control mechanism, hardware devices or proper guard in place to detect the speed of the train. There was also no proper training and instructions provided to these guards. State rail had important elements missing to ensure running of a safe railway which includes safety engineering, change of management and in design and development of robust controls. The railway authorities also had a very poorly constructed review mechanism on audit, investigation and follow up. There were inadequate competent resources that could develop an efficient safety instruments and methods. The dead man system did not detect the collapse of the driver and had major deficiencies in the fundamental design. Investigations also revealed that the state railway authorities were ineffective and not fully co-operative. The management was also poorly defined and there was no budget that was allocated to improving the train safety. (Kent and Graham, 2004) The case study on the waterfall accident had outlined the importance of safety measures. The inquiries and the investigations concluded that the state rail had deficient safety mechanisms in place. The investigation also highlighted the importance of having good intergrated safety systems, documentation process, proactive and preventive approach to risk and accidents and the need for expertise

Explain what you understand the term Transnational Corporation to Essay

Explain what you understand the term Transnational Corporation to mean. Using specific examples of these organisations, assess what contribution they have made to the development of Globalisation - Essay Example These include; product marketing, personnel, financial matters as well as production strategies. The policies may have host country orientation or parent country orientation (Held, D and Mcgrew, 2000 pp.122-127). A transnational corporation may be owned by citizens of one, two countries or more. In another situation, a corporation may establish branches in different countries in order to reduce the cost of transporting raw materials in order to reduce the final cost of the products that is added to the consumer price. A corporation may also establish branches in countries that import its products in order to escape import tax that may be enforced by the importing country against foreign corporations. An example of this is when external levy was enforced against outsiders by the European Community, corporations from the United States engaged in Foreign Direct Investment in order to evade these tariffs (Howard Perlmutter, 1969 pp.36-38). Fluctuating exchange rates are also a factor that leads to the establishment of transnational corporations in order to avoid losses that are associated with these rates. This phenomenon arises when corporations produce at a high value of the local currency and then the value falls during exportation. They opt to establish a subsidiary industry in the importing country. Competition is also a factor that gives rise to transnational corporations. A corporation X in one country may be producing the same products as another corporation Y in a different country, both competing for a common market Z. corporation X may tackle this competition through purchasing company Y and other such corporations in several countries, thereby becoming a transnational corporation. An example is when both Monarch in Germany and Opel in Canada were purchased by GM which gave rise to GM Germany and GM Canada respectively (Hill, Charles W L, 2008 pp 24-31). Lower

Media violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media violence - Essay Example Various individuals and research groups have constantly attributed the increased rate of violence among the children and youths as a result of media influence (Phillips 26). Various forms of media present violent incidences as well as games with numbers attracted towards these violent views and video games constantly increasing. It is equally important to note that other researchers attribute violent media as an outlet of aggression as opposed to source of violence among any group within the society. The paper therefore explores the reasons why violent games and videos need to remain out of blame while searching for increased rise of criminal activities among children and the youth. To derive sufficient evidence that will lead to real answers, a focus on trends as well as averages is essential as opposed to simply relying on statistical outliers to measure the extent that criminal games and videos as well as other forms of criminal forms of games presented by the media affect the society (Foster). Focusing on logical trends like where an individual goes to work on eight hours a day and then heads home to engage in other forms of leisure while a kid plays for one hour and heads for a shooting spree is essential. It is also important to recall that even if there exists a connection between violent games as well as aggressive behavior, there lacks evidence to signify casualty (Hofmann133). There is a likelihood that violent criminals may choose violent games but there is still millions of children who engage on violent games day-day out but the vast majority of these children still remain as normal and law-abiding citizens. In the U.S, the concept interrelating video game violence and young people was taken to the national spotlight in a case where a California law banned sale of some specific violent related videos and games was brought in the Supreme Court. The enforcement of the 2005 failed to take effect at the

Mental illness Essay Example for Free

Mental illness Essay Proof written by David Auburn goes through the life of an esteemed mathematician plagued by mental illness. In the beginning of the play Proof we are introduced to a professor at a local Chicago College named Robert. We first are introduced to Robert through a delusion of Catherine’s, another main protagonist of David auburns play. Auburn shows Robert’s genius and madness at various stages throughout the play. Auburn goes on throughout his play to exemplify the impact mental illness has on everyday family life. David Auburn introduces his two protagonist, Catherine and Robert through a delusion of Catherine’s late one night. We learn that Robert is a prestiged mathematician who was plagued with a rare mental illness. David Auburn hints at the idea that Catherine, Roberts’s daughter, was also gifted with the same mathematical skills as her father. In act 1, Robert and Catherine get into an argument over what are good days or bad days. Catherine seems to believe that the good days are those days when you just stay in bed all day and don’t leave, but Robert believes that those are days lost. Robert shows his concern for Catherine when he states â€Å" You sleep till noon, you eat junk food, you don’t work, the dishes pile up in the sink†¦ Some days you don’t get up, you don’t get out of bed†(Auburn 9). Robert worries that Catherine is suffering from depression from witnessing her fathers prolonged illness. Robert thought everyday not doing mathematics was a day lost and couldn’t imagine â€Å" the work you lost, the ideas you didn’t have, discoveries you never made because you were moping in your bed at four in the afternoon. ( Auburn 9). Catherine and Robert seem to have different aspirations in life, Robert wants to discover new mathematical equations when Catherine wants to just relax. While we are lead to believe that Catherine is lazy we get glimpses of her talent for numbers. We see that Catherine is brilliant through the eyes of her father when he says â€Å" Even your depression is mathematical. Stop moping and get to work. The kind of potential you have†( Auburn 10). Robert understands that Catherine has great potential to discover long elegant equations, but refuses to do so for some unspecific reason. Auburn then changes the spotlight from Catherine to Robert when Catherine asks her father if his worked changed after he got sick. This is the first time David Auburn mentioned anything about an illness. Auburn leads us to believe that Catherine who recently turned 25 is worried that she might to develop this same debilitating mental illness as her father. Auburn shows this when Catherine asks Robert how old he was when it all started. Robert goes on to say â€Å"mid-twenties. Twenty- three, four. Is that what you are worried about? † ( Auburn 11). We see that Catherine is terrified that if she tries to do the same work her father did she to will go mad. Robert goes on to comfort Catherine by stating â€Å" Crazy people don’t sit around wondering if they’re nuts†. ( Auburn 12). Catherine then goes to argue with Robert that his reasoning is incorrect because he was crazy and he admitted it, but Robert we then learn that Robert is also dead. This is the first time in David Auburn’s play that the reader’s feel that both Catherine and Robert are and did suffer from a unidentified mental illness. David Auburn leads us to believe that his main protagonist, Robert, has a sever illness called schizophrenia, but we aren’t sure. We notice that Robert has isolated himself and is very much set-aside from the real world. We notice Roberts’s life change from his brilliant mathematician/ college professor to an insane â€Å"graphomaniac†(Auburn 15). Catherine goes on and explains to Hal that Robert’s work has no connections to mathematical greatness, but to the same level as a â€Å"monkey at a typewriter. †( Auburn 15). When Hal says he is â€Å" prepared to look at every page. † (Auburn 15), Catherine says â€Å" no. I’m not crazy†(Auburn 15). This is significant because we as readers question if Catherine is really saying that to Hal or trying to convince herself that she isn’t crazy. We get an idea that Catherine is crazy to. As Robert’s struggle with schizophrenia continues he starts to exemplify some bizarre habits. We aren’t introduced to Robert’s true madness until Catherine comes home from college to visit him. We get the image of a man sitting outside on a cold Chicago winter night without a jacket complaining that the excruciating heat inside the house. We aren’t told specifically that Robert has schizophrenia but we are lead to believe that he is suffering from it. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history†(Schizophrenia). Schizophrenia impacts about 1% of the United Stated Population. Even though schizophrenia isn’t common it still impacts millions of peoples lives each year. Robert exemplifies a lot of the same characteristics a patient who is diagnosed with schizophrenia is having. Many people diagnosed with schizophrenia feel that someone or something wants to harm them. They have a very hard time telling what is real and what is not. Many people with the disorder are terrified of the imaginary people that they withdraw themselves from day to day activity. In Proof Robert â€Å"believed that aliens were sending him messages through the Dewey decimal numbers on the library books. He was trying to work out the code. †(Pg 19) Robert is showing how mentally unstable he is. He is having a hard time telling the difference from what is real and what is not. Robert also struggled with his normal everyday to day routine, leaving a burden on Catherine. Catherine was forced to leave her brilliance based down from Robert and take care of him. When patients are diagnosed with schizophrenia they have a hard time retaining normal day-to-day activities so they rely on other family and friends for help, for Robert, his help came from Catherine. This leaving a terrible burden on Catherine. Robert clearly was mentally unstable and should have been placed in a mental institution with professionals that could have properly treated him. If Catherine had put him in an institution she would have been able to continue on with her schooling and at her fathers brilliance to good work. Her father also may have been able to be cured because of the significant evolve of research on schizophrenia and other mental health issues. As a reader I question Catherine’s decision because I believe that she feared that if she placed her father in an institution Claire, her sister, would try and place Catherine in an institution also. Again that is the whole reason Claire wants Catherine to move back to New York City with her. Auburn leads his readers to question if Catherine â€Å" Dropped out of school† (Auburn 19) to stay and take care of her father, or because she was afraid that she was starting to develop similar symptoms her father had Even though we aren’t told specifically what Roberts’s mental disorder is, we are lead to believe that it is schizophrenia. Robert has exemplified most to all of the symptoms of schizophrenia in many ways. Robert should have been placed in proper care with proper guidance and treatment. With the proper help Catherine could have been able to continue with her studies and move on with her life.

Interpretivism Approach In The Study Of Workers Behaviour Psychology Essay

Interpretivism Approach In The Study Of Workers Behaviour Psychology Essay The study of workers behaviour is a very complex phenomenon as it involves peoples attitudes, feelings and behaviours, which characterise life in an organisation. The field of human behavior is solidly grounded by researcher such as Taylor, Maslow, Herzberg and Elton Mayo. With the pace of industrial revolution, studies are now more focused on areas such as job satisfaction and analysis, performance evaluation, employee motivation and the human factor at workplace. Hence, the interpretivism approach has gained momentum in the study of human behaviour. This literature review will introduce the different research philosophies which have been used in the field of human behaviour, firstly, providing a descriptive analysis of the Positivist approach, which focuses on quantitative methods as opposed to the Interpretivist approach, which focuses on qualitative methods and secondly how the early approach to research in human behaviour has shifted towards qualitative methods as it enhances understanding of workers behaviours in organisations and hence facilitate management decisions. For decades, the way in which research is conducted has produced arguments relating to which research philosophies, approaches and strategies are best to follow.   A research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data can be gathered, analysed and used. Galliers (1991) identified two major school of thoughts as Positivist (also called scientific) and interpretivist (also known as anti-positivist). Positivism is a belief that it is possible to obtain objective knowledge through observation and that such knowledge is verified by statements about the circumstances in which such knowledge is true. Smith (1998) provides a useful insight into positivist thinking within social sciences with this description: Positivist approaches to the social sciences . . . assume things can be studied as hard facts and the relationship between these facts can be established as scientific laws. For positivists, such laws have the status of truth and social objects can be studied in much the same way as natural objects. In other words, Positivism views the social world as the natural world in terms of how it can be studied, because human behaviour is determined by rules and developed with social groups. Positivism is considered to be an empirical testing of theories by means of experimentations before reaching a general principle. Positivism adopts a clear quantitative approach to investigating phenomena by using data that are objective, discernible and measurable. According to House (1983) evaluation of information is considered to be scientifically objective in the sense that they can be verified by logical inspection regardless of who uses the techniques. Hence, the positivist approach to research is favoured due its exactness and impartiality. (e-International Relations, 2010).   Positivist research is usually conducted with a large number of participants. The research design tend to be comparative, hence the use of surveys or experimental designs is usually preferred. The methods used are more likely to produce quantifiable and testable data such as official statistics, structured interviews and observation.   Typically, they are rigid, unchanging and free from social constraints. However, the use of these methods can sometimes be very expensive and time consuming. Thus, critics argue that the positivist approach yields useful, but limited data, which only provide a superficial view of the phenomenon under investigation (Bond, 1993; Moccia, 1988; Payle, 1995) Early positivist theorist in the field or organisational and human behaviour searched for underlying principles of what happens in organisational settings. They were concerned with efficiency, or how to economically maximise workers productivity (Denhardt, 2008; Simon, 1947a). However, Dahl (1947) rejects the idea that the study of human behaviour could be classified as a positivist approach and could be designed as true experiments that produce uniform, reliable and verifiable data. A major criticism of the positivist approach is that it does not allow a comprehensive study and examination of human beings and their behaviours. Hence, the increasing importance of the human factor in the workplace leads to the emergent to a shift towards the interpretivist paradigm. Interpretivism approach focuses on methods that examine people and their social behaviour (Gill and Johnson, 1997). This approach considers human beings as part of the social world, which exists due to the interaction and actions of human beings. It emphasises a search for meaning, understanding and social interaction as the basis for knowledge. According to Cantrell (1993, p84), the aims of interpretivist approach research are to understand phenomena, to interpret meaning within particular social and cultural contexts, and to uncover beliefs and elicit meaning from action and intention through dialogical interaction between researchers and participants. According to the interpretivist view, the social world is open and changing by ways people go about their lives. Research methods therefore, must be capable of capturing the quality of peoples interpretations and understanding the meanings to people course of actions. Hence, the utility of qualitative data is preferred as it is more acquiescent to the study of organisation and human behavior. Qualitative research is a class of research methods in which the researcher actively interacting with the participants of the particular study (Muchinsky, 2003).   In other words, the researcher gets involved with the phenomena being researched. Thus, qualitative research produces narrative descriptions of events as opposed to quantitative research which produces results in numerical data (Landy Conte, 2004; Strauss Corbin, 1990) The interpretivist approach makes use of flexible and multiple methods, the most desirable way of studying a small sample in depth over time. The favoured common methods used include interviews, observational research and focus groups.   The characteristics of these methods are extremes to those used in quantitative research as they are exploratory rather than explanatory and focus on meanings than establishing facts. The interpretivist paradigm disagrees with the notion that human beings and its behaviour can be studied with scientific methods. Interpretivist theorists are more concerned with the study of organisation from inside as they assumed that a better understanding of how the company functions can only be achieved from the perspective of the workers. The favoured research design in Ethnography with the use of qualitative method such as observation is useful in answering questions on why employees behave the way they do in organisations and what happens in the organisation (Ehigie, R.I Ehigie B.O, 2005:621-638). Ethnography study is by means of which you assess people in their day to day activities, their behaviour and culture in a natural setting. Fetterman (1998) describes it as the art and science of describing a group or a culture. The group can be categorised as work group, organisations or team of individuals where as culture can be the prevailing culture in an organisation. Ethnography can be used to gain understanding of the real world context, social as well as work settings (Hughes et al, 1995; Blomberg et al, 1993). Bret et al (2003) argues that since organisations are presently turning towards the use of work teams, ethnography studies have become an important research method in understanding the complex interactions with work teams. Hence, the use of ethnographic methods help in gathering information by mainly watching and talking with people, and by scrutinising documented reports and records (Riemer, 2008:205). Observation is one of the ethnographic methods used by researchers to observe the population of the phenomena to be studied to develop an understanding of their behaviour and culture. The personnel of an organisation who usually make use of this method are supervisors, human resource experts as by nature of their job responsibilities they are expected to observe workers behaviour on the job (Krumm, 2001). Frederick Taylor, one of the early contributors in the study of motivation and performance at work carried out series of experiments at the Bethlehem Steel Company which included non-participant observation of workers. As the workers were constantly aware that they were being observed, there was a drastic change in their work pattern and consequently resulted to improvement in work performance, organisation productivity and earnings. Taylor (1856-1915) advocated that monetary rewards were the main cause of motivation, therefore observational studies on workers did not affect their p erformance, as they were drive by the financial rewards they would achieve by their course of actions. A very good example of participant observation can be related to the Hawthorne experiments allegedly conducted by Elton Mayo. The researchers involved in the Hawthorne Experiments did not understand the impact of human values and interaction until they personally interacted with the workers (Denhardt, 2009:3). Thus, through this interaction they had a better understanding of the workers actions in relations to the working environment. However, observational studies are also criticised as only small samples can be investigated such as in the case of Taylors research which was only conducted on manual workers. It is believed that if the research was conducted on white collar workers the findings would have been different. Another criticism by (Muchinsky, 2003; Sackett Larsen, 1990), observation is not frequently used in the study of human behaviour as it relies extensively on time and energy. One criticism of Mayos research is that the population involved knew that they were being studies. The critics argued that to capture a clearer picture of the research, the participants should not be made aware that they are being studied. Despite these criticisms, it is believed that Taylors observational studies have immensely contributed to present day management and gave birth to the concept of performance related pay system. To summarise, it can be argued that qualitative methods found its way in the study of both organisational and human behaviour. However, as a researcher to understand the phenomenon being studied, the use of converging information from different sources, regardless of its form is more advisable. Although Spector (2005) argued that qualitative methods of research offer an alternative to the highly quantitative methods, it is opined that both quantitative and qualitative research methods can help researchers understand issues better than either of the two separately. The use of qualitative methods is growing in the study of organisational and human behaviour (Lee, 1999) as human element are substantially emphasised in an organisation. Although the qualitative methods have significantly contributed to our understanding of human behaviour in the organisations, many avenues for future research are still open and new ones continue to emerge.

The Platonic and Aristotelian Views on the Role and Status of Women in

Introduction Women’s rights and societal roles have varied throughout history. Yet, a common theme that is notable across many times and cultures is the notion that women are inferior to men. In ancient Greece, the opinion toward women followed this trend, and women were often overlooked in how they could contribute to society. It was rarely considered that the traits women share could be of use beyond their household duties. In this essay I will analyze the Platonic and Aristotelian views on the role and status of women. Although Plato and Aristotle had distinct beliefs on what women could contribute to the collective well being of society, they shared similar opinions about the genuine status that women had in comparison to men. The Platonic view advanced the idea that secluding women to the home was counter-productive to the community as a whole. As such, women should be afforded roles that stretched beyond the boundaries of the home for the benefit of the community. The Aristotelian v iew, contrastingly, believed that the natural characteristics of women, which deemed them physically and intellectually inferior to men, made the home their proper place within society. In this essay I will advance the view that through the logic constructed by both Plato and Aristotle it follows deductively that women not only have a place outside of the home but their distinctive nature can add something of value to many areas of society. A Platonic View Toward Women: A Community of Women and Children It is sometimes contended that Plato was a feminist, but his concern for women did not stem from an interest in women’s rights, but rather the usefulness women could contribute to the benefit of the community. Meaning, society would receive... ...oes not follow logically that women are intellectually inferior. The nature of women that emanates from their traditional role as mothers and caregivers can in fact not only be sufficient but necessary for the optimal functioning polis. The compassion and consideration that emanates from the nature of women could be the true keystone in wholesome state, and the highest form of collective well being that Plato and Aristotle searched for. Works Cited Aristotle. The Politics. Trans. T.A. Sinclair. Rev. ed. Trevor J. Saunders. New York: Penguin classics, 1957. Print. Bloom, Allan (1968, revised 1991). The Republic of Plato. Translated, with notes and an interpretive essay. New York: Basic Books. Magnusson, Warren. â€Å"Ancient and Medieval Political Thought.† Political Science 300A. University of Victoria. British Columbia, 4 Jan. 2012 – 21 Mar. 2012.

Free Essay on Romanticism and Intuition in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

The Scarlet Letter: Romanticism and Intuition During the romanticism period, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the novel, The Scarlet Letter, which used the romanticist idea of deep intuition and inner feelings, allowing the characters to have insight of the plots and secrets hidden in the strict Puritan community that they lived in. Throughout the novel many of the characters have this intuition, making the book more alluring to readers when trying to figure out what each character really knows. At the beginning of the novel, we are shown Pearl's natural child-like instincts for the Preacher, who is actually her father. When Pearl was first a baby, Hester and she were shamed on the scaffold while Reverend Dimmesdale, her father, preached to the awed crowd of the deep sin committed by Hester. Pearl reached out for him, "and held up its little arms," (pg. 68) as if reaching for her father. In another instance, they were all discussing Pearl at the Governor’s house and Pearl, totally out of her independent character, went over to Dimmesdale and "taking his hand in the grasp of both her own, laid her cheek against it." (pg. 118) That was really unlike Pearl, who was a "wild and flighty little elf," (pg. 118) that didn't display affection like that. Both of these bonding experiences occurred while she was younger and neither time caused speculation by the townspeople in general.. Not only Pearl, but Mr. Chillingworth, Hester's husband, had the intuition of knowing, rather sensing that Dimmesdale was the father. It was never told to him by anyone, or even speculated that the preacher was the sinner, but he could sense it anyway and knew he had to become close to Dimmesdale to figure him out. He also knew, not as a doctor, but as an evil man, that when Mr. Dimmesdale grabbed at his chest it was caused by something greater than an illness, it was caused by something Chillingworth knew how to provoke. The most amazing of his intuitions, would be at the end of the novel when he was already aware of Hester and Dimmesdale's plans to leave with Pearl on a ship to England. The mariner first informed Hester of his plans when explaining to her "that this physician here- Chillingworth, he calls himself- is minded to try my [the mariner's] cabin-fare with you [Hester].

The Taste of Watermelon

The story was written by Borden Deal, who died in 1985. He was an American novelist and writer of short stories. The story was set in the United States of America in a small village of the countryside. The main characters in the short story were, Freddy Grey and J. D. who are the narrators friends, Mr. Wills who is the father of the beautiful girl, and of course the beautiful girl – Willadean. The narrator has known his guy friends, Freddy Grey and J. D. for years since he moved to this place and started going to school. Willadean is this girl that the narrator is interested in, she is tall and slender. Mr. Wills who is Willadean’s father who everybody was afraid of. He has bright, fierce eyes under heavy eyebrows. The story is about this boy (the narrator) who moved to this certain place and started going to school, was never interested into girls, but he did have an eye on this girl called Willadean. Last year she was nothing compared to who she is now. The narrator mentions how her walk started to turn him on, and how beautiful she really was. But he was afraid to get close to her, cause of her father Mr. Wills who would shake anybody’s soul inside them, with his yelling and always being angry. He had been growing this specific watermelon for a really long time but the narrator decides to steal it at night, most probably to get closer to Willadean, to show that he is not afraid of Mr. Wills where as he really is. He brings his friends Freddy Gray and J. D. with him for support and to help him out, the boys tell him not to do this terrible thing, but unfortunately, he does it. In the end Mr. Wills gets sad after finding out that his watermelon has been kidnapped and bursts out into tears. The narrator does not get closer to Willadean unfortunately and doesn’t even try anymore. The style of the story is written in 3rd person. It uses a lot of hyperbole sentences to make it sound and look more dramatic has really warm atmosphere which really gives the love atmosphere away, which explains a lot of details in certain paragraphs of the story ‘The taste of watermelon’. Maybe the narrator would be able to add some alliteration to make it seem more dramatic. And I would add some more details about the characters to get a much better idea of the characters and be able to picture the characters in your head, to make it seem much easier to you. I enjoyed reading this story. I found it interesting because of the theme of the story, which is basically – love. Because this boy (the narrator) is in love with this girl Willadean and to get closer to her, he decides to steal her father’s watermelon which he had been growing for a really long time. As well as making him extremely mad for once to see the father’s reaction. In the end, the father burst into tears and was very sad for losing his ‘baby’ watermelon; he loved his watermelon so much that Willadean thought he loved the watermelon more than his own daughter. It just really interested me. The Taste of Watermelon Taste of Watermelon is written by Borden Deal. Taste of Watermelon is written in the year of 1979. It is a short story. He is an American author who is dead! He has been dead 25 years. The Taste of Watermelon is set in the country side where a bunch of farmers live. It is set in the states because of the language used. For example ‘golly’ and ‘gosh’. It is set in around the 1970s, the time it was written in. There are 4 main characters I would say. There is Mr. Will who is an old man who is a farmer and every night he guards his huge watermelon with a gun. Then there is a boy who steals the watermelon and eats it up with his friends. He then after he steals it feels really bad and collects the seeds from the floor and gives them to Mr. Wills The story is basically about a boy who steals the watermelon from Mr. Wills and together with his friends; Freddy, Gary, and J. D. , they eat as much as they can of the watermelon and destroy whatever is left. The boy goes home and watches Mr. Wills as he realizes that his watermelon has been stolen. He freaks out and starts destroying all the other watermelons and the boy after a night of not sleeping together with his dad collects all the seeds he could find and gives them to Mr. Wills to plant a field of watermelons for the following year. Mr. wills accepts his apology and is pleased to hear that the boy would love to help Mr. Wills in planting all these seeds. Mr. Wills is happy ?. The author uses 1st person. I personally prefer reading stories written in first person so I as the reader can make a character. When a story is written in first person it is usually more emotional and personal. The language used in this story is pleasant. It is not to formal or informal. The dialogue is funny as it is written in Old American Farmer Language like when they use ‘golly’ and ‘gosh’ I find it very amusing. There isn’t too much description in this story which I absolutely hate so ? I think the main point of this story is to entertain. Yes there is a morale behind everything like in this case it is basically don’t steal and if you do have the courage and decency to own up. But still it seems to me as if the idea of this story is that the writer wanted to write a story that would interest people and they would enjoy reading it. I don’t think that he wanted to send a message across to his readers. It was a great story and I really enjoyed it. It was a bit on the longish side but still enjoyable. The idea was original and really interesting to read. There was a good amount of suspense in this story and it was balanced out between boring bits and funny of interesting bits. As I said before the description wasn’t over done which I can’t stand so on a whole it deserves a ?

Homosexuality in School Essay

Of the many emotions a gay man or woman feel, perhaps the most powerful pervasive is fear. The fear of being found out ir real enough, but the worry does not end there. There are the fears of being bullied by your peers, being make fun of and even been killed. For a lesbian and gay teenager, who lack experience and life skills to cope with them, such fears can be overwhelming. Lesbian, gay and bisexual youth face many problems as they realize they are homosexual. And they have to face all this problems at school where many teenagers are judgmental. Many of these teens cant handle the bullying and abused so they turned to homeschooling, running away from home and even suicide. It is unacceptable for young gay men and lesbians to experience levels of prejudice and discrimination that mar their developing years and their school experiences. They, just as much as anyone, should be able to look back warmly on their school days, without rembering bully, name calling, and exclusion. It is common for young people to use words associated with homosexuality as insults or, more generally, as negative adjectives. The prejudice can cause great distress for gay or lesbian pupils, who, gradually becoming aware of their sexuality, come to realize that they are a member of a despised group. This can affect self-stem badly and be a very upsetting time. As they grow older, gay pupils are faced with they very difficult decision of whether to come out and be openly gay at school, or whether to try to hide their sexual identity form their peers. Many homosexual teenager don’t know how to deal with this problems, so they often recurred to drugs in search for some outlet. Many start developing mental problems like depression and anxiety. Because fo the prejudice and the bullying in school that homosexual teens received they don’t get help, they don’t want to tell their teachers as they are afraid they will judge them. By not getting help many of them feel they don’t have another option than ending their life. According to pflagphoenix.org over 30% of all reported teen suicides each year are committed by gay and lesbian youth. Various sexual health issues, specifically HIV, for young gay men are disproportionally affect the lack of information there. They need to receive the information that eill enable them to identify risks, and to take action to protect themselves before they reach an age when they will become sexually active. An education system that falls in this regard is one that puts live at risk. Schools do not always do enough to address these problems, and in some cases, can even add to them. All too often, even if sexual health education does exist, it doesn’t even mention gay people. According to statistics by yotuhprideri.org a website made to inform about the problems that young homosexual faced. According to them 84% of homosexual students report being verbally harassed (name calling, threats, etc.) because of their sexual orientation. And 80% of gay and bisexual youth report severe problems with cognitive, social or emotional isolation. What is needed to help improve their situation? The school system exists to educate and prepare young people for place in adult society. If foes not provide gay pupils with the information they need to have safe sexual relationship, and allows other pupils to leave school with prejudice and a lack of understanding of gay issues, then the school system has failed some education providers have taken s steps to ensure young people receive sexual health education that contains a component for gay pupils. There are also an increasing number of schools that have specific policies for tackling homophobic bullying and discrimination. In such an environment, gay and lesbian teachers are more able to come out to students and staff, acting as vital role models for young people There are still problem for homosexual students in school, but we have to look at the things that are changing. For example media is becoming more aware and open to the problem and represented homosexuality in teenagers as a good thing. In many of the big cities they are being more opened to homosexuality, many school are even bringing more information about sexuality. More school are hiring homosexual teachers to show there more open minded state. These are small steps to achieve more freedom for homosexual teenagers in school and in society, but still remember that they are many who are suffering and we can not stop until this problem is ended.

Chrysler's History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chrysler's History - Research Paper Example According to Schein (2004) it is difficult to merge two companies of different cultures, but this difficulty is further enhanced when the companies to be merged come from diverse cultures as well as unlike geographical regions. History of Chrysler Chrysler Company is an American automobile organization that was founded in 1925. This is a point in time when Walter Chrysler decided to establish his namesake automobile company with foundation values of distinction in engineering and novelty. This company has its headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan, with thirty three manufacturing facilities in four different countries that have employed workers exceeding fifty two thousand. The core values that were established by the founder have done a great deal of task in stirring the company towards the creation of firsts in both extraordinary numbers of sectors as well as innovations in engineering (Mueller, 2006). These core values have, in part, functioned to transform the motor industry to t he current status. ... This is because his arrival at the company was delayed, for his skills were minimal for a company that was ailing from troubled operations. After the collapse of the company in 1923, Chrysler took over as the president, and launched the first vehicle ever after his name Chrysler Six B-70 (Yanik, 1995). This car was a cheap, and six cylinders automobile that could reach up to speed of 70mph. Later own, this car was to help in the establishment of the strength of Chrysler Brand in engineering. Given the fact that the company was no more in 1924, Chrysler resorted into launching of Chrysler Automobile Corporation in 1925 after the manufacture of his first automobile (Mueller, 2006). The assets of Maxwell Motor Corporation were, thus, absorbed into the new company, and this signaled the start of the long journey of Chrysler Corporation. The kind of cars sold Before the adoption of this company by Chrysler, the cars that used to be manufactured were known as 30 Touring, 30 Coupe and 30 Ro adster both of which were very expensive cars of the timed. These were known as Chalmers cars, and without forgetting other brands such as Black, Brush Runabout, and Western’s Gale Model (Yanik, 1995). These cars had a wheel base of 115 inches with big wheels measuring to approximately 34 inches. However, Chryslers first brand Six B-70 was a six cylinder car that had been designed for customers such that they were affordable, and exhibited an advanced level of engineering. This original Chrysler that was launched in 1924 was characterized by a carburetor air filter as well as an oil filter, an engine that was highly compressed, and a full pressure engine (Adler, 2000). Chrysler Brands Sunbeam This is a small mini tailgate vehicle that has

You will see with the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You will see with the attachment - Essay Example A professional person is able to perform a high quality work with honesty and dignity. Nursing requires impressive emotional contribution in the process of work’s completion, constant advancement and perfection of knowledge, attentive attitude to the patients and an overall control in the process of medical treatment. It is interesting to have an option of on-line education. It is very convenient, but it requires special knowledge and skills. Thus, for example, a very important role plays online communication and it is necessary to know peculiarities of email composing and be aware of e-mail etiquette. During my study I got acquainted with different peculiarities of e-mail etiquette. For example, it is relevant to fill in the subject line of email, be concise and exact in one’s messages et cetera. Online communication provides a lot of new opportunities and makes the process more interesting. Moreover, in the process of study communication online is more effective that traditional form of communication, because there is an option of online conferences with people from all over the world, sending attachments, correcting and adding necessary information instantaneously and so on. This form of communication is of high relevance in my profession, because it is possible to get informed once a p atient has some news or wants to get some information. It is evident that the effect of medical treatment is higher in case both traditional and online types of communication are combined. Patient can ask relevant questions at any time and get answer at once thus much time can be economized. For example, a nurse can receive email from the patient with the latest information about his health and help him the way she can as soon as it is possible. Another option is to find some files or information about the patient and send it to

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essay

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening - Essay Example In the end, despite her developments into selfhood, the only escape from her biological destiny as a woman in society, possessed, sexual, and ruled, is death. Local Color writers were an offshoot of the Realistic movement. They sought to preserve a distinct way of life threatened by industrialization, immigration, the after effects of the War, and the changes in society. Their writing concentrated upon rendering a convincing portrait of a particular region and delving below the surface picture to reveal some universal aspect. What this novel wants to convey is that immigration is not as sweet as most people think. People are more interested and amazed on how well immigrating families are doing by the clothes they wear, the cars they drive, the way they speak fluent English and etc. Those are all superficial because behind the achievements are hardships of which not everyone has a clear understanding of. Difficulties are always abundant and it takes it toll on every member of the family. There is never a way in which immigration can always be smooth sailing. Immigrants tend to be victims of abuse by people around them who knows they are vulnerable. he relationship between men and women and the economic aspects that go along with that issue are also realistic. Edna is "owned" at various points in the novel by her father, husband, Arobin, and Robert.

Hyperthyroidism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hyperthyroidism - Research Paper Example any causes which include over activity of the thyroid gland as in Grave’s disease or due to neoplasias of the thyroid gland which include adenomas and carcinomas. It can also occur due to an adenoma in the anterior pituitary which leads to increased secretion of TSH which results in overstimulation of the thyroid gland and hence increased release of the thyroid hormone. Inflammation of the thyroid gland can also result in hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormone is essential for the carrying out of normal body processes and it is a hormone which is important for the regulation of metabolism. But an increase in the hormone due to the disease can have many adverse effects. The basal metabolic rate of the body can increase 60 to 100 percent more than normal and this can account for the increased sweating and decreased tolerance to heat. The thyroid hormone stimulates the central nervous system but increased quantities can lead to psychological issues and nervousness. The muscles become weak because of the increased catabolism of proteins. The increased quantities lead to an increase in the GIT motility leading to diarrhea and the increased metabolism is the cause of weight loss which may be of varying degrees. The patient experiences. The cardiac system is also affected and increased heart rate and output is noted. The eyeball is protruded and the skin feels hot. Hyperthyroidism is a pathological condition which not only affects the thyroid gland itself but it disrupts major physiological processed of the body. Medical and surgical intervention can help a person overcome most of the symptoms associated with the

Reduction of VAP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Reduction of VAP - Research Paper Example Its risk factors include patients with mechanical ventilation, cystic fibrosis, debilitation, impaired immune responses intravenous drug abuse and multiple administering of antibacterial drugs. Contaminated disinfection solutions, nebulizers, and topical anesthetics have been associated with sporadic outbreaks of the bacterial disease. Sporadic outbreaks of the infection have been noted in ICU and burn unit. Non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria with a rod shape. The predisposing factors for infection or colonization are: central venous catheters; mechanical ventilation; ICU location; invasive devices; organ transplant; immunosuppressed patients; neutropenia; cytotoxic chemotherapy; prior antibiotic therapy; tracheotomies. The bacteria can be isolated the surrounding such as ventilator tubing, suction equivalent, water sources, spirometers, disinfecting solutions, hospital sinks and nebulizers. The two most common microorganisms associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia and oth er healthcare associated pneumonia (HAP). The pathogens can arise secondary to environmental surrounding rather than from the patients indigenous flora. Legionella growth is optimal at temperatures between 25Â ° and 42Â °. Legionella species is found mostly aquatic environments. Legionella has also been isolated from evaporative condensers, cooling towers and heat portable water distribution systems. Transmission occurs through inhalation of aerosols. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia focuses on reducing the risk of aspiration.

Comparison between five process models of software engineering Essay Example for Free

Comparison between five process models of software engineering Essay IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org A Comparison Between Five Models Of Software Engineering Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar1 and A. Govardhan2 1 Ph.D Student of Computer Science Engineering Jawahrlal Nehru Technological University Kuktapally, Hyderabad- 500 085, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Professor of Computer Science Engineering Principal JNTUH of Engineering College, Jagityal, Karimnagar (Dt), A.P., India Abstract This research deals with a vital and important issue in computer world. It is concerned with the software management processes that examine the area of software development through the  development models, which are known as software development  life cycle. It represents five of the development models namely, waterfall, Iteration, V-shaped, spiral and Extreme programming. These models have advantages and disadvantages as well. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to represent different models of software development and make a  comparison between them to show the features and defects of each model. Keywords: Software Management Processes, Software  Development, Development Models, Software Development Life  Cycle, Comparison between five models of Software Engineering. increased recently which results in the difficulty of  enumerating such companies. During the previous four  decades, software has been developed from a tool used for  analyzing information or solving a problem to a product in  itself. However, the early programming stages have  created a number of problems turning software an  obstacle to software development particularly those  relying on computers. Software consists of documents and  programs that contain a collection that has been  established to be a part of software engineering  procedures. Moreover, the aim of software engineering is  to create a suitable work that construct programs of high  quality. 1. Introduction Computer Science No one can deny the importance of computer in our life,  especially during the present time. In fact, computer has  become indispensible in todays life as it is used in many  fields of life such as industry, medicine, commerce,  education and even agriculture. It has become an  important element in the industry and technology of  advanced as well as developing countries. Now a days,  organizations become more dependent on computer in  their works as a result of computer technology. Computer  is considered a time- saving device and its progress helps  in executing complex, long, repeated processes in a very  short time with a high speed. In addition to using  computer for work, people use it for fun and  entertainment. Noticeably, the number of companies thatproduce software programs for the purpose of facilitating  works of offices, administrations, banks, etc, has Theories Computer Function Client Problems The Software engineering Tools and techniques to solve problems Fig. 1 Explanation of software engineering conception. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org 95 2. Software Process Models concern. A software process model is an abstract representation of a process. It presents a description of a process from some particular perspective as: The pure waterfall lifecycle consists of several nonoverlapping stages, as shown in the following figure. The model begins with establishing system requirements and  software requirements and continues with architectural  design, detailed design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model serves as a baseline for many other  lifecycle models. 1. 2. 3. 4. Specification. Design. Validation. Evolution. General Software Process Models are 1. Waterfall model: Separate and distinct phases of specification and development. 2. Prototype model. 3. Rapid application development model (RAD). 4. Evolutionary development: Specification, development and validation are interleaved. 5. Incremental model. 6. Iterative model. 7. Spiral model. 8. Component-based software engineering : The system is assembled from existing components. System Requirements Software Requirements Architectural Design Detailed Design Coding There are many variants of these models e.g. formal development where a waterfall-like process is used, but the specification is formal that is refined through several stages to an implementable design[1]. Testing Maintenance Fig. 2 Waterfall Model[4]. 3. Five Models A Programming process model is an abstract representation to describe the process from a particular perspective. There are numbers of general models for software processes, like: Waterfall model, Evolutionary development, Formal systems development and Reusebased development, etc. This research will view the following five models : 1. Waterfall model. 2. Iteration model. 3. V-shaped model. 4. Spiral model. 5. Extreme model. These models are chosen because their features correspond to most software development programs. Requirements Definition System and Software Design Implementation and Unit Testing Integration and System Testing 3.1 The Waterfall Model The waterfall model is the classical model of software  engineering. This model is one of the oldest models and is  widely used in government projects and in many major  companies. As this model emphasizes planning in early  stages, it ensures design flaws before they develop. In  addition, its intensive document and planning make it  work well for projects in which quality control is a major Operation and Maintenance Fig. 3 Waterfall model[2]. The following list details the steps for using the waterfall IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org model: 1 System requirements: Establishes the components  for building the system, including the hardware  requirements, software tools, and other necessary  components. Examples include decisions on  hardware, such as plug-in boards (number of  channels, acquisition speed, and so on), and decisions  on external pieces of software, such as databases or  libraries. 2 3 Software requirements: Establishes the expectations  for software functionality and identifies which system  requirements the software affects. Requirements  analysis includes determining interaction needed with  other applications and databases, performance  requirements, user interface requirements, and so on. Architectural design: Determines the software  framework of a system to meet the specific  requirements. This design defines the major  components and the interaction of those components,  but it does not define the structure of each  component. The external interfaces and tools used in  the project can be determined by the designer. 4 Detailed design: Examines the software components  defined in the architectural design stage and produces  a specification for how each component is  implemented. 5 Coding: Implements specification. 6 7 the detailed starting coding. There is no overlap between stages. In  real-world development, however, one can discover issues  during the design or coding stages that point out errors or gaps in the requirements. The waterfall method does not prohibit returning to an  earlier phase, for example, returning from the design phase  to the requirements phase. However, this involves costly  rework. Each completed phase requires formal review and  extensive documentation development. Thus, oversights  made in the requirements phase are expensive to correct  later. Because the actual development comes late in the process,  one does not see results for a long time. This delay can be  disconcerting to management and customers. Many people  also think that the amount of documentation is excessive  and inflexible. Although the waterfall model has  instructive because it emphasizes  project development. Even if one  model, he must consider each of  relationship to his own project [4]. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. design Testing: Determines whether the software meets the  specified requirements and finds any errors present in  the code. Maintenance: Addresses problems and enhancement  requests after the software releases. In some organizations, a change control board maintains  the quality of the product by reviewing each change made  in the maintenance stage. Consider applying the full  waterfall development cycle model when correcting  problems or implementing these enhancement requests. In each stage, documents that explain the objectives and  describe the requirements for that phase are created. At the end of each stage, a review to determine whether the  project can proceed to the next stage is held. Your  prototyping can also be incorporated into any stage from  the architectural design and after. Many people believe that this model cannot be applied to  all situations. For example, with the pure waterfall model,  the requirements must be stated before beginning the  design, and the complete design must be stated before 96 4. 5. 6. ï‚ · 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. ï‚ · its weaknesses, it is  important stages of  does not apply this  these stages and its Advantages : Easy to understand and implement. Widely used and known (in theory!). Reinforces good habits: define-before- design, design-before-code. Identifies deliverables and milestones. Document driven, URD, SRD, †¦ etc. Published documentation standards, e.g. PSS-05. Works well on mature products and weak teams. Disadvantages : Idealized, doesn’t match reality well. Doesn’t reflect iterative nature of exploratory development. 3. Unrealistic to expect accurate requirements so early in project. Software is delivered late in project, delays discovery of serious errors. Difficult to integrate risk management. Difficult and expensive to make changes to documents, †swimming upstream†. Significant administrative overhead, costly for small teams and projects [6]. Pure Waterfall This is the classical system development model. It consists of discontinuous phases: 1. 2. 3. Concept. Requirements. Architectural design. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org 4. 5. 6. Detailed design. Coding and development. Testing and implementation. Table 1: Strengths Weaknesses of Pure Waterfall Strengths ï‚ · ï‚ · Minimizes planning  overhead since it can be done up front.  Structure minimizes  wasted effort, so it  works well for  technically weak or  inexperienced staff. Risk reduction spirals can be added to the top of the  waterfall to reduce risks prior to the waterfall phases. The waterfall can be further modified using options such as  prototyping, JADs or CRC sessions or other methods of  requirements gathering done in overlapping phases [5]. Weaknesses 3.2 Iterative Development ï‚ · Inflexible ï‚ · Only the final phase  produces a nondocumentation  deliverable. ï‚ · Backing up to address mistakes is difficult. The problems with the Waterfall Model created a demand  for a new method of developing systems which could  provide faster results, require less up-front information,  and offer greater flexibility. With Iterative Development,  the project is divided into small parts. This allows the  development team to demonstrate results earlier on in the  process and obtain valuable feedback from system users. Often, each iteration is actually a mini-Waterfall process  with the feedback from one phase providing vital  information for the design of the next phase. In a variation of this model, the software products, which are produced  at the end of each step (or series of steps), can go into  production immediately as incremental releases. ï‚ · Pure Waterfall Summary The pure waterfall model performs well for products with  clearly understood requirements or when working with  well understood technical tools, architectures and  infrastructures. Its weaknesses frequently make it  inadvisable when rapid development is needed. In those  cases, modified models may be more effective. ï‚ · 97 Modified Waterfall The modified waterfall uses the same phases as the pure  waterfall, but is not based on a discontinuous basis. This  enables the phases to overlap when needed. The pure  waterfall can also split into subprojects at an appropriate  phase (such as after the architectural design or detailed design). Table 2: Strengths Weaknesses of Modified Waterfall Strengths ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · More flexible than the  pure waterfall model. If there is personnel  continuity between the  phases, documentation  can be substantially reduced.  Implementation of easy  areas does not need to  wait for the hard ones. Weaknesses ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Modified Waterfall Summary Milestones are more  ambiguous than the  pure waterfall. Activities performed  in parallel are subject  to miscommunication  and mistaken  assumptions. Unforeseen  interdependencies can  create problems. Fig. 4 Iterative Development. 3.3 V-Shaped Model Just like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a  sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase  must be completed before the next phase begins. Testing  is emphasized in this model more than the waterfall  model. The testing procedures are developed early in the  life cycle before any coding is done, during each of the  phases preceding implementation. Requirements begin the  life cycle model just like the waterfall model. Before IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org development is started, a system test plan is created. The test plan focuses on meeting the functionality specified in requirements gathering. 98 Requirements The high-level design phase focuses on system  architecture and design. An integration test plan is created in this phase in order to test the pieces of the software  systems ability to work together. However, the low-level  design phase lies where the actual software components  are designed, and unit tests are created in this phase as  well. System Test Planning High Level Design Low Level Design The implementation phase is, again, where all coding  takes place. Once coding is complete, the path of  execution continues up the right side of the V where the  test plans developed earlier are now put to use. ï‚ · Simple and easy to use. Each phase has specific deliverables. Higher chance of success over the waterfall model  due to the early development of test plans during the  life cycle. Works well for small projects where requirements are  easily understood. Unit Test Planning Integration Testing Unit Testing Implementation Advantages 1. 2. 3. Integration Test Planning System Testing 4. Fig. 6 V-Shaped Life Cycle Model[7]. 3.4 Spiral Model The spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with  more emphases placed on risk analysis. The spiral model  has four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and  Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through  these phases in iterations (called Spirals in this  model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning  phase, requirements are gathered and risk is  assessed. Each subsequent spiral builds on the baseline  spiral. Requirements are gathered during the planning  phase. In the risk analysis phase, a process is undertaken  to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype is  produced at the end of the risk analysis phase. Software is  produced in the engineering phase, along with testing at  the end of the phase. The evaluation phase allows the  customer to evaluate the output of the project to date  before the project continues to the next spiral. In the spiral model, the angular component represents  progress, and the radius of the spiral represents cost. Fig. 5 V-Model [3] ï‚ · Disadvantages 1. 2. Very rigid like the waterfall model. Little flexibility and adjusting scope is difficult and  expensive.  Software is developed during the implementation phase,  so no early prototypes of the software are produced. This Model does not provide a clear path for problems  found during testing phases [7]. 3. 4. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. Advantages High amount of risk analysis. Good for large and mission-critical projects. Software is produced early in the software life cycle. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. Disadvantages Can be a costly model to use. Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise. Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk  analysis phase. Doesn’t work well for smaller projects [7]. 4. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org ï‚ · 1. Spiral model sectors Objective setting :Specific objectives for the phase are identified. 2. Risk assessment and reduction: Risks are assessed and activities are put in place to reduce the key risks. 3. Development and validation: A development model for the system is chosen which can be any of the general models. 4. Planning: The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is planned [1]. 99 under which the system would produce win-lose or loselose outcomes for some stakeholders. 3. Identify and Evaluate Alternatives: Solicit  suggestions from stakeholders, evaluate them with respect  to stakeholders win conditions, synthesize and negotiate  candidate win-win alternatives, analyze, assess, resolve  win-lose or lose-lose risks, record commitments and areas  to be left flexible in the projects design record and life  cycle plans. 4. Cycle through the Spiral: Elaborate the win conditions  evaluate and screen alternatives, resolve risks, accumulate  appropriate commitments, and develop and execute  downstream plans [8]. 3.5 Extreme Programming An approach to development, based on the development  and delivery of very small increments of functionality. It  relies on constant code improvement, user involvement in  the development team and pair wise programming . It can  be difficult to keep the interest of customers who are  involved in the process. Team members may be unsuited  to the intense involvement that characterizes agile  methods. Prioritizing changes can be difficult where there  are multiple stakeholders. Maintaining simplicity requires  extra work. Contracts may be a problem as with other  approaches to iterative development. Fig. 7 Spiral Model of the Software Process[1]. ï‚ · WinWin Spiral Model The original spiral model [Boehm 88] began each cycle of  the spiral by performing the next level of elaboration of  the prospective systems objectives, constraints and  alternatives. A primary difficulty in applying the spiral  model has been the lack of explicit process guidance in  determining these objectives, constraints, and alternatives. The Win-Win Spiral Model [Boehm 94] uses the theory  W (win-win) approach [Boehm 89b] to converge on a  systems next-level objectives, constraints, and  alternatives. This Theory W approach involves identifying  the systems stakeholders and their win conditions, and  using negotiation processes to determine a mutually  satisfactory set of objectives, constraints, and alternatives for the stakeholders. In particular, as illustrated in the  figure, the nine-step Theory W process translates into the  following spiral model extensions: 1. Determine Objectives: Identify the system life-cycle  stakeholders and their win conditions and establish initial  system boundaries and external interfaces. 2. Determine Constraints: Determine the conditions Fig. 8 The XP Release Cycle ï‚ · Extreme Programming Practices Incremental planning: Requirements are recorded on Story Cards and the Stories to be included in a release are determined by the time available and their relative priority. The developers break these stories into development Tasks. Small Releases: The minimal useful set of functionality that provides business value is developed first. Releases of the system are frequent and incrementally add functionality to the first release. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org Simple Design: Enough design is carried out to meet the  current requirements and no more. Test first development: An automated unit test  framework is used to write tests for a new piece of  functionality before functionality itself is implemented.  Refactoring: All developers are expected to re-factor the  code continuously as soon as possible code improvements  are found. This keeps the code simple and maintainable.  Pair Programming: Developers work in pairs, checking  each other’s work and providing support to do a good job.  Collective Ownership: The pairs of developers work on  all areas of the system, so that no islands of expertise  develop and all the developers own all the code. Anyone  can change anything. Continuous Integration: As soon as work on a task is  complete, it is integrated into the whole system. After any  such integration, all the unit tests in the system must pass. Sustainable pace: Large amounts of over-time are not  considered acceptable as the net effect is often to reduce  code quality and medium term productivity.  On-site Customer: A representative of the end-user of the  system (the Customer) should be available full time for the  use of the XP team. In an extreme programming process,  the customer is a member of the development team and is  responsible for bringing system requirements to the team  for implementation. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. XP and agile principles Incremental development is supported through small,  frequent system releases. Customer involvement means full-time customer  engagement with the team. People not process through pair programming,  collective ownership and a process that avoids long working hours. Change supported through regular system releases.  Maintaining simplicity through constant refactoring of  code [1]. ï‚ · 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Advantages Lightweight methods suit small-medium size projects. Produces good team cohesion. Emphasises final product. Iterative. Test based approach to requirements and quality assurance. ï‚ · 1. Disadvantages Difficult to scale up to large projects where documentation is essential. Needs experience and skill if not to degenerate into code-and-fix. Programming pairs is costly. 2. 3. 4. 100 Test case construction is a difficult and specialized skill [6]. 4. Conclusion and Future Work After completing this research , it is concluded that : 1. There are many existing models for developing systems for different sizes of projects and requirements. 2. These models were established between 1970 and 1999. 3. Waterfall model and spiral model are used commonly in developing systems. 4. Each model has advantages and disadvantages for the development of systems , so each model tries to eliminate the disadvantages of the previous model Finally, some topics can be suggested for future works: 1. 2. 3. Suggesting a model to simulate advantages that are found in different models to software process management. Making a comparison between the suggested model and the previous software processes management models. Applying the suggested model to many projects to ensure of its suitability and documentation to explain its mechanical work. REFERENCES [1] Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, Addison Wesley, 7th edition, 2004. [2] CTG. MFA – 003, A Survey of System Development Process Models, Models for Action Project: Developing Practical Approaches to Electronic Records Management and Preservation, Center for Technology in Government University at Albany / Suny,1998 . [3] Steve Easterbrook, Software Lifecycles, University of Toronto Department of Computer Science, 2001. [4] National Instruments Corporation, Lifecycle Models, 2006 , http://zone.ni.com. [5] JJ Kuhl, Project Lifecycle Models: How They Differ and When to Use Them,2002 www.businessesolutions.com. [6] Karlm, Software Lifecycle Models, KTH,2006 . [7] Rlewallen, Software Development Life Cycle Models, 2005 ,http://codebeter.com. [8] Barry Boehm, Spiral Development: Experience, Principles, and Refinements, edited by Wilfred J. Hansen, 2000 . Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar was born in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 1978. He studied Computer Science at University of Science and Technology, Yemen from 1997 to 2001. In 2001 he IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org received the Bachelor degree. He studied Master of Information Technology at Arab Academic, Yemen, from 2004 to 2007. Now rd he Ph.D. Student 3 year of CSE at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Hyderabad, A. P., India. He is working as Associate Professor in Computer Science Engineering College in University Of Science and Technology, Yemen. His area of interest include Software Engineering, System Analysis and Design, Databases and Object Oriented Technologies. Dr.A.Govardhan: received Ph.D. degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in 2003, M.Tech. from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1994 and B.E. from Osmania University in 1992. He is Working as a Principal of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Jagitial. He has published around 108 papers in various national and international Journals/conferences. His research of interest includes Databases, Data Warehousing Mining, Information Retrieval, Computer Networks, Image Processing, Software Engineering, Search Engines and Object Oriented Technologies. 101